BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY AND HEME SYNTHESIS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, BIOCHEMICAL REGULATION, AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Abstract
Blood biochemistry plays a fundamental role in understanding physiological and pathological processes within the human body. Among the essential biochemical pathways, heme synthesis represents a critical metabolic process necessary for oxygen transport, cellular respiration, detoxification, and enzymatic reactions. Heme serves as a prosthetic group in hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, catalase, and numerous oxidoreductase enzymes. Disturbances in heme biosynthesis lead to various hematological and metabolic disorders, including sideroblastic anemia and porphyrias. This review discusses the biochemical principles of blood composition, molecular mechanisms of heme biosynthesis, regulatory pathways, associated diseases, laboratory diagnostic markers, and recent advances in clinical biochemistry. The article highlights the importance of understanding heme metabolism for modern laboratory diagnostics and personalized medicine.
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