BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES: GLUCOSE AND GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Abstract
Carbohydrates are among the most important biomolecules in living organisms, serving as primary sources of energy, structural components, and regulators of numerous physiological processes. Glucose represents the central molecule of carbohydrate metabolism and functions as the principal energy substrate for most tissues, particularly the brain and erythrocytes. Glycogen serves as the major storage form of glucose in animals and plays a critical role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. The metabolism of glucose and glycogen involves a complex network of biochemical pathways regulated by hormonal, enzymatic, and genetic mechanisms. Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, glycogen storage diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disorders. This review summarizes the biological functions of carbohydrates, the molecular mechanisms underlying glucose and glycogen metabolism, regulatory pathways involved in carbohydrate homeostasis, and the clinical significance of metabolic disturbances. Recent advances in molecular biology and metabolic research have improved understanding of carbohydrate metabolism and opened new opportunities for diagnosis and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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