IRON METABOLISM, HEMOSTASIS, AND THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHODS: DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF NORMAL BLOOD AND URINE BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Abstract
Iron metabolism and hemostasis are essential physiological processes that maintain oxygen transport, cellular energy production, and vascular integrity. Disturbances in these systems contribute significantly to the global burden of anemia, thrombotic disorders, hemorrhagic diseases, and chronic inflammatory conditions. Modern clinical biochemistry provides numerous laboratory methods for assessing iron homeostasis and coagulation status. Biochemical evaluation of blood and urine parameters remains fundamental for early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of disease progression. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding iron metabolism, regulatory mechanisms of hepcidin and ferroportin, hemostatic pathways, and the clinical application of biochemical analysis methods. Furthermore, normal reference ranges of blood and urine biochemical markers are discussed, emphasizing their practical use in clinical medicine. Recent advances in laboratory diagnostics, including ferritin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor, and novel biomarkers, are also reviewed.
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