COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY: CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that may adversely affect physical health, metabolic function, psychological well-being, and quality of life. The global prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased substantially over recent decades, making obesity one of the major public health challenges of the twenty-first century. The complications associated with obesity involve multiple organ systems and include cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, respiratory disorders, reproductive dysfunction, and several types of cancer. Obesity is also associated with psychosocial problems, reduced quality of life, stigma, and social discrimination. The risk of complications generally increases with the degree and duration of excess adiposity and with the presence of associated metabolic abnormalities. Childhood and adolescent obesity is of particular concern because excess weight frequently persists into adulthood and may contribute to earlier development of noncommunicable diseases. Early identification of excessive weight gain, comprehensive risk assessment, promotion of healthy dietary patterns and physical activity, and appropriate clinical management are essential for reducing the burden of obesity-related complications. A multidisciplinary public health approach is required to prevent obesity and reduce its long-term consequences.
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