FERMENTS AS BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS: REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY AND CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY
Abstract
Enzymes are highly specialized biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions essential for cellular survival and physiological homeostasis. Their remarkable catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, and regulatory mechanisms make them indispensable components of metabolic pathways. The regulation of enzyme activity ensures precise control of biochemical processes in response to cellular and environmental changes. Clinical enzymology, a rapidly developing branch of medical biochemistry, utilizes enzyme measurements as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, hepatic, pancreatic, and muscular disorders. This review summarizes the structural and functional characteristics of enzymes, mechanisms underlying enzymatic catalysis, regulatory pathways controlling enzyme activity, and contemporary applications of clinical enzymology in disease diagnosis and monitoring. Recent advances in enzyme kinetics, molecular diagnostics, and biomarker discovery have significantly expanded the role of enzymes in modern medicine.
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