ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, AND PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Keywords:
peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, Helicobacter pylori, pathogenesis, endoscopy, gastric acid, proton pump inhibitors, eradication therapy, gastrointestinal complications.Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a mucosal defect extending through the muscularis mucosae. Its development is associated primarily with Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, excessive gastric acid and pepsin activity, and impairment of mucosal defense mechanisms. This article examines the major etiological factors, key pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and modern principles of treatment of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers. Particular attention is given to the role of H. pylori infection, disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier, acid-peptic injury, and the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The diagnostic value of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, H. pylori testing, and laboratory investigations is discussed. Modern treatment principles include eradication therapy for H. pylori, suppression of gastric acid secretion, elimination of ulcerogenic factors, and prevention of recurrence and complications. Early diagnosis and individualized treatment are essential for reducing the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, penetration, and other serious complications.
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